LLMInterviewQuestions

LLMInterviewQuestions

This repository contains LLM (Large language model) interview question asked in top companies like Google, Nvidia , Meta , Microsoft & fortune 500 companies.

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LLMInterviewQuestions is a repository containing over 100+ interview questions for Large Language Models (LLM) used by top companies like Google, NVIDIA, Meta, Microsoft, and Fortune 500 companies. The questions cover various topics related to LLMs, including prompt engineering, retrieval augmented generation, chunking, embedding models, internal working of vector databases, advanced search algorithms, language models internal working, supervised fine-tuning of LLM, preference alignment, evaluation of LLM system, hallucination control techniques, deployment of LLM, agent-based system, prompt hacking, and miscellaneous topics. The questions are organized into 15 categories to facilitate learning and preparation.

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100+ LLM Interview Questions for Top Companies

This repository contains over 100+ interview questions for Large Language Models (LLM) used by top companies like Google, NVIDIA, Meta, Microsoft, and Fortune 500 companies. Explore questions curated with insights from real-world scenarios, organized into 15 categories to facilitate learning and preparation.


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Table of Contents

  1. Prompt Engineering & Basics of LLM
  2. Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG)
  3. Chunking
  4. Embedding Models
  5. Internal Working of Vector Databases
  6. Advanced Search Algorithms
  7. Language Models Internal Working
  8. Supervised Fine-Tuning of LLM
  9. Preference Alignment (RLHF/DPO)
  10. Evaluation of LLM System
  11. Hallucination Control Techniques
  12. Deployment of LLM
  13. Agent-Based System
  14. Prompt Hacking
  15. Miscellaneous
  16. Case Studies

Prompt Engineering & Basics of LLM

  • What is the difference between Predictive/Discriminative AI and Generative AI?
  • What is LLM, and how are LLMs trained?
  • What is a token in the language model?
  • How to estimate the cost of running SaaS-based and Open Source LLM models?
  • Explain the Temperature parameter and how to set it.
  • What are different decoding strategies for picking output tokens?
  • What are different ways you can define stopping criteria in large language model?
  • How to use stop sequences in LLMs?
  • Explain the basic structure prompt engineering.
  • Explain in-context learning
  • Explain type of prompt engineering
  • What are some of the aspect to keep in mind while using few-shots prompting?
  • What are certain strategies to write good prompt?
  • What is hallucination, and how can it be controlled using prompt engineering?
  • How to improve the reasoning ability of LLM through prompt engineering?
  • How to improve LLM reasoning if your COT prompt fails?

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Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG)

  • how to increase accuracy, and reliability & make answers verifiable in LLM
  • How does RAG work?
  • What are some benefits of using the RAG system?
  • When should I use Fine-tuning instead of RAG?
  • What are the architecture patterns for customizing LLM with proprietary data?

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Chunking

  • What is chunking, and why do we chunk our data?
  • What factors influence chunk size?
  • What are the different types of chunking methods?
  • How to find the ideal chunk size?

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Embedding Models

  • What are vector embeddings, and what is an embedding model?
  • How is an embedding model used in the context of LLM applications?
  • What is the difference between embedding short and long content?
  • How to benchmark embedding models on your data?
  • Suppose you are working with an open AI embedding model, after benchmarking accuracy is coming low, how would you further improve the accuracy of embedding the search model?
  • Walk me through steps of improving sentence transformer model used for embedding?

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Internal Working of Vector Databases

  • What is a vector database?
  • How does a vector database differ from traditional databases?
  • How does a vector database work?
  • Explain difference between vector index, vector DB & vector plugins?
  • You are working on a project that involves a small dataset of customer reviews. Your task is to find similar reviews in the dataset. The priority is to achieve perfect accuracy in finding the most similar reviews, and the speed of the search is not a primary concern. Which search strategy would you choose and why?
  • Explain vector search strategies like clustering and Locality-Sensitive Hashing.
  • How does clustering reduce search space? When does it fail and how can we mitigate these failures?
  • Explain Random projection index?
  • Explain Locality-sensitive hashing (LHS) indexing method?
  • Explain product quantization (PQ) indexing method?
  • Compare different Vector index and given a scenario, which vector index you would use for a project?
  • How would you decide ideal search similarity metrics for the use case?
  • Explain different types and challenges associated with filtering in vector DB?
  • How to decide the best vector database for your needs?

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Advanced Search Algorithms

  • What are architecture patterns for information retrieval & semantic search?
  • Why it’s important to have very good search
  • How can you achieve efficient and accurate search results in large-scale datasets?
  • Consider a scenario where a client has already built a RAG-based system that is not giving accurate results, upon investigation you find out that the retrieval system is not accurate, what steps you will take to improve it?
  • Explain the keyword-based retrieval method
  • How to fine-tune re-ranking models?
  • Explain most common metric used in information retrieval and when it fails?
  • If you were to create an algorithm for a Quora-like question-answering system, with the objective of ensuring users find the most pertinent answers as quickly as possible, which evaluation metric would you choose to assess the effectiveness of your system?
  • I have a recommendation system, which metric should I use to evaluate the system?
  • Compare different information retrieval metrics and which one to use when?
  • How does hybrid search works?
  • If you have search results from multiple methods, how would you merge and homogenize the rankings into a single result set?
  • How to handle multi-hop/multifaceted queries?
  • What are different techniques to be used to improved retrieval?

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Language Models Internal Working

  • Can you provide a detailed explanation of the concept of self-attention?
  • Explain the disadvantages of the self-attention mechanism and how can you overcome it.
  • What is positional encoding?
  • Explain Transformer architecture in detail.
  • What are some of the advantages of using a transformer instead of LSTM?
  • What is the difference between local attention and global attention?
  • What makes transformers heavy on computation and memory, and how can we address this?
  • How can you increase the context length of an LLM?
  • If I have a vocabulary of 100K words/tokens, how can I optimize transformer architecture?
  • A large vocabulary can cause computation issues and a small vocabulary can cause OOV issues, what approach you would use to find the best balance of vocabulary?
  • Explain different types of LLM architecture and which type of architecture is best for which task?

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Supervised Fine-Tuning of LLM

  • What is fine-tuning, and why is it needed?
  • Which scenario do we need to fine-tune LLM?
  • How to make the decision of fine-tuning?
  • How do you improve the model to answer only if there is sufficient context for doing so?
  • How to create fine-tuning datasets for Q&A?
  • How to set hyperparameters for fine-tuning?
  • How to estimate infrastructure requirements for fine-tuning LLM?
  • How do you fine-tune LLM on consumer hardware?
  • What are the different categories of the PEFT method?
  • What is catastrophic forgetting in LLMs?
  • What are different re-parameterized methods for fine-tuning?

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Preference Alignment (RLHF/DPO)

  • At which stage you will decide to go for the Preference alignment type of method rather than SFT?
  • What is RLHF, and how is it used?
  • What is the reward hacking issue in RLHF?
  • Explain different preference alignment methods.

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Evaluation of LLM System

  • How do you evaluate the best LLM model for your use case?
  • How to evaluate RAG-based systems?
  • What are different metrics for evaluating LLMs?
  • Explain the Chain of Verification.

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Hallucination Control Techniques

  • What are different forms of hallucinations?
  • How to control hallucinations at various levels?

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Deployment of LLM

  • Why does quantization not decrease the accuracy of LLM?
  • What are the techniques by which you can optimize the inference of LLM for higher throughput?
  • How to accelerate response time of model without attention approximation like group query attention?

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Agent-Based System

  • Explain the basic concepts of an agent and the types of strategies available to implement agents
  • Why do we need agents and what are some common strategies to implement agents?
  • Explain ReAct prompting with a code example and its advantages
  • Explain Plan and Execute prompting strategy
  • Explain OpenAI functions strategy with code examples
  • Explain the difference between OpenAI functions vs LangChain Agents

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Prompt Hacking

  • What is prompt hacking and why should we bother about it?
  • What are the different types of prompt hacking?
  • What are the different defense tactics from prompt hacking?

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Miscellaneous

  • How to optimize cost of overall LLM System?
  • What are mixture of expert models (MoE)?
  • How to build production grade RAG system, explain each component in detail ?
  • What is FP8 variable and what are its advantages of it
  • How to train LLM with low precision training without compromising on accuracy ?
  • How to calculate size of KV cache
  • Explain dimension of each layer in multi headed transformation attention block
  • How do you make sure that attention layer focuses on the right part of the input?

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Case Studies

  • Case Study 1: LLM Chat Assistant with dynamic context based on query
  • Case Study 2: Prompting Techniques

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For answers for those questions please, visit Mastering LLM.

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