Awesome-LLM4Cybersecurity

An overview of LLMs for cybersecurity.

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The repository 'Awesome-LLM4Cybersecurity' provides a comprehensive overview of the applications of Large Language Models (LLMs) in cybersecurity. It includes a systematic literature review covering topics such as constructing cybersecurity-oriented domain LLMs, potential applications of LLMs in cybersecurity, and research directions in the field. The repository analyzes various benchmarks, datasets, and applications of LLMs in cybersecurity tasks like threat intelligence, fuzzing, vulnerabilities detection, insecure code generation, program repair, anomaly detection, and LLM-assisted attacks.

README:

When LLMs Meet Cybersecurity: A Systematic Literature Review

🔥 Updates

📆[2025-01-08] We have included the publication venues for each paper.

📆[2024-09-21] We have updated the related papers up to Aug 31st, with 75 new papers added (2024.06.01-2024.08.31).

📆[2024-06-14] We have updated the related papers up to May 31st, with 37 new papers added (2024.03.20-2024.05.31).

When LLMs Meet Cybersecurity: A Systematic Literature Review
🔥 Updates
🌈 Introduction
🚩 Features
🌟 Literatures
📖BibTeX

🌈 Introduction

We are excited to present "When LLMs Meet Cybersecurity: A Systematic Literature Review," a comprehensive overview of LLM applications in cybersecurity.

We seek to address three key questions:

RQ1: How to construct cyber security-oriented domain LLMs?
RQ2: What are the potential applications of LLMs in cybersecurity?
RQ3: What are the existing challenges and further research directions about the application of LLMs in cybersecurity?

🚩 Features

(2024.08.20) Our study encompasses an analysis of over 300 works, spanning across 25+ LLMs and more than 10 downstream scenarios.

🌟 Literatures

RQ1: How to construct cybersecurity-oriented domain LLMs?

Cybersecurity Evaluation Benchmarks

CyberMetric: A Benchmark Dataset for Evaluating Large Language Models Knowledge in Cybersecurity | arXiv | 2024.02.12 | Paper Link
SecEval: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Cybersecurity Knowledge of Foundation Models | Github | 2023 | Paper Link
SecQA: A Concise Question-Answering Dataset for Evaluating Large Language Models in Computer Security | arXiv | 2023.12.26 | Paper Link
Securityeval dataset: mining vulnerability examples to evaluate machine learning-based code generation techniques. | Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Mining Software Repositories Applications for Privacy and Security | 2022.11.09 | Paper Link
Can llms patch security issues? | arXiv | 2024.02.19 | Paper Link
DebugBench: Evaluating Debugging Capability of Large Language Models | ACL Findings | 2024.01.11 | Paper Link
An empirical study of netops capability of pre-trained large language models. | arXiv | 2023.09.19 | Paper Link
OpsEval: A Comprehensive IT Operations Benchmark Suite for Large Language Models | arXiv | 2024.02.16 | Paper Link
Purple Llama CyberSecEval: A Secure Coding Benchmark for Language Models | arXiv | 2023.12.07 | Paper Link
LLMSecEval: A Dataset of Natural Language Prompts for Security Evaluations | IEEE/ACM International Conference on Mining Software Repositories | 2023.03.16 | Paper Link
Can LLMs Understand Computer Networks? Towards a Virtual System Administrator | arXiv | 2024.04.22 | Paper Link
Assessing Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities in Code Large Language Models | arXiv | 2024.04.29 | Paper Link
SECURE: Benchmarking Generative Large Language Models for Cybersecurity Advisory | arXiv | 2024.05.30 | Paper Link
NYU CTF Dataset: A Scalable Open-Source Benchmark Dataset for Evaluating LLMs in Offensive Security | arXiv | 2024.06.09 | Paper Link
eyeballvul: a future-proof benchmark for vulnerability detection in the wild | arXiv | 2024.07.11 | Paper Link
CYBERSECEVAL 3: Advancing the Evaluation of Cybersecurity Risks and Capabilities in Large Language Models | arXiv | 2024.08.03 | Paper Link
AttackER: Towards Enhancing Cyber-Attack Attribution with a Named Entity Recognition Dataset | arXiv | 2024.08.09 | Paper Link

Fine-tuned Domain LLMs for Cybersecurity

SecureFalcon: The Next Cyber Reasoning System for Cyber Security | arXiv | 2023.07.13 | Paper Link
Owl: A Large Language Model for IT Operations | ICLR | 2023.09.17 | Paper Link
HackMentor: Fine-tuning Large Language Models for Cybersecurity | TrustCom | 2023.09 | Paper Link
Large Language Models for Test-Free Fault Localization | ICSE | 2023.10.03 | Paper Link
Finetuning Large Language Models for Vulnerability Detection | arXiv | 2024.02.29 | Paper Link
RepairLLaMA: Efficient Representations and Fine-Tuned Adapters for Program Repair | arXiv | 2024.03.11 | Paper Link
Efficient Avoidance of Vulnerabilities in Auto-completed Smart Contract Code Using Vulnerability-constrained Decoding | ISSRE | 2023.10.06 | Paper Link
Instruction Tuning for Secure Code Generation | ICML | 2024.02.14 | Paper Link
Nova+: Generative Language Models for Binaries | arXiv | 2023.11.27 | Paper Link
Assessing LLMs in Malicious Code Deobfuscation of Real-world Malware Campaigns | arXiv | 2024.04.30 | Paper Link
Transforming Computer Security and Public Trust Through the Exploration of Fine-Tuning Large Language Models | arXiv | 2024.06.02 | Paper Link
Security Vulnerability Detection with Multitask Self-Instructed Fine-Tuning of Large Language Models | arXiv | 2024.06.09 | Paper Link
A Comprehensive Evaluation of Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning on Automated Program Repair | arXiv | 2024.06.09 | Paper Link
IoT-LM: Large Multisensory Language Models for the Internet of Things | arXiv | 2024.07.13 | Paper Link
CyberPal.AI: Empowering LLMs with Expert-Driven Cybersecurity Instructions | arXiv | 2024.08.18 | Paper Link

RQ2: What are the potential applications of LLMs in cybersecurity?

Threat Intelligence

LOCALINTEL: Generating Organizational Threat Intelligence from Global and Local Cyber Knowledge | arXiv | 2024.01.18 | Paper Link
AGIR: Automating Cyber Threat Intelligence Reporting with Natural Language Generation | BigData | 2023.10.04 | Paper Link
On the Uses of Large Language Models to Interpret Ambiguous Cyberattack Descriptions | arXiv | 2023.08.22 | Paper Link
Advancing TTP Analysis: Harnessing the Power of Encoder-Only and Decoder-Only Language Models with Retrieval Augmented Generation | arXiv | 2024.01.12 | Paper Link
An Empirical Study on Using Large Language Models to Analyze Software Supply Chain Security Failures | Proceedings of the 2023 Workshop on Software Supply Chain Offensive Research and Ecosystem Defenses | 2023.08.09 | Paper Link
ChatGPT, Llama, can you write my report? An experiment on assisted digital forensics reports written using (Local) Large Language Models | Forensic Sci. Int. Digit. Investig. | 2023.12.22 | Paper Link
Time for aCTIon: Automated Analysis of Cyber Threat Intelligence in the Wild | arXiv | 2023.07.14 | Paper Link
Cupid: Leveraging ChatGPT for More Accurate Duplicate Bug Report Detection | arXiv | 2023.08.27 | Paper Link
HW-V2W-Map: Hardware Vulnerability to Weakness Mapping Framework for Root Cause Analysis with GPT-assisted Mitigation Suggestion | arXiv | 2023.12.21 | Paper Link
Cyber Sentinel: Exploring Conversational Agents in Streamlining Security Tasks with GPT-4 | arXiv | 2023.09.28 | Paper Link
Evaluation of LLM Chatbots for OSINT-based Cyber Threat Awareness | Expert Syst. Appl. | 2024.03.13 | Paper Link
Crimson: Empowering Strategic Reasoning in Cybersecurity through Large Language Models | arXiv | 2024.03.01 | Paper Link
SEvenLLM: Benchmarking, Eliciting, and Enhancing Abilities of Large Language Models in Cyber Threat Intelligence | arXiv | 2024.05.06 | Paper Link
AttacKG+:Boosting Attack Knowledge Graph Construction with Large Language Models | EuroS&P Workshop | 2024.05.08 | Paper Link
Actionable Cyber Threat Intelligence using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models | arXiv | 2024.06.30 | Paper Link
LLMCloudHunter: Harnessing LLMs for Automated Extraction of Detection Rules from Cloud-Based CTI | arXiv | 2024.07.06 | Paper Link
Using LLMs to Automate Threat Intelligence Analysis Workflows in Security Operation Centers | arXiv | 2024.07.18 | Paper Link
Psychological Profiling in Cybersecurity: A Look at LLMs and Psycholinguistic Features | arXiv | 2024.08.09 | Paper Link
The Use of Large Language Models (LLM) for Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) in Cybercrime Forums | arXiv | 2024.08.08 | Paper Link
A RAG-Based Question-Answering Solution for Cyber-Attack Investigation and Attribution | arXiv | 2024.08.12 | Paper Link
Usefulness of data flow diagrams and large language models for security threat validation: a registered report | arXiv | 2024.08.14 | Paper Link
KGV: Integrating Large Language Models with Knowledge Graphs for Cyber Threat Intelligence Credibility Assessment | arXiv | 2024.08.15 | Paper Link

FUZZ

Augmenting Greybox Fuzzing with Generative AI | arXiv | 2023.06.11 | Paper Link
How well does LLM generate security tests? | arXiv | 2023.10.03 | Paper Link
Fuzz4All: Universal Fuzzing with Large Language Models | ICSE | 2024.01.15 | Paper Link
CODAMOSA: Escaping Coverage Plateaus in Test Generation with Pre-trained Large Language Models | ICSE | 2023.07.26 | Paper Link
Understanding Large Language Model Based Fuzz Driver Generation | arXiv | 2023.07.24 | Paper Link
Large Language Models Are Zero-Shot Fuzzers: Fuzzing Deep-Learning Libraries via Large Language Models | ISSTA | 2023.06.07 | Paper Link
Large Language Models are Edge-Case Fuzzers: Testing Deep Learning Libraries via FuzzGPT | arXiv | 2023.04.04 | Paper Link
Large language model guided protocol fuzzing | NDSS | 2024.02.26 | Paper Link
Fuzzing BusyBox: Leveraging LLM and Crash Reuse for Embedded Bug Unearthing | USENIX | 2024.03.06 | Paper Link
When Fuzzing Meets LLMs: Challenges and Opportunities | ACM International Conference on the Foundations of Software Engineering | 2024.04.25 | Paper Link
An Exploratory Study on Using Large Language Models for Mutation Testing | arXiv | 2024.06.14 | Paper Link

Vulnerabilities Detection

Evaluation of ChatGPT Model for Vulnerability Detection | arXiv | 2023.04.12 | Paper Link
Detecting software vulnerabilities using Language Models | CSR | 2023.02.23 | Paper Link
Software Vulnerability Detection using Large Language Models | ISSRE Workshop | 2023.09.02 | Paper Link
Understanding the Effectiveness of Large Language Models in Detecting Security Vulnerabilities | arXiv | 2023.11.16 | Paper Link
Software Vulnerability and Functionality Assessment using LLMs | arXiv | 2024.03.13 | Paper Link
Finetuning Large Language Models for Vulnerability Detection | arXiv | 2024.03.01 | Paper Link
The Hitchhiker's Guide to Program Analysis: A Journey with Large Language Models | arXiv | 2023.11.15 | Paper Link
DefectHunter: A Novel LLM-Driven Boosted-Conformer-based Code Vulnerability Detection Mechanism | arXiv | 2023.09.27 | Paper Link
Prompt-Enhanced Software Vulnerability Detection Using ChatGPT | ICSE | 2023.08.24 | Paper Link
Using ChatGPT as a Static Application Security Testing Tool | arXiv | 2023.08.28 | Paper Link
LLbezpeky: Leveraging Large Language Models for Vulnerability Detection | arXiv | 2024.01.13 | Paper Link
Large Language Model-Powered Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection: New Perspectives | TPS-ISA | 2023.10.16 | Paper Link
Software Vulnerability Detection with GPT and In-Context Learning | DSC | 2024.01.08 | Paper Link
GPTScan: Detecting Logic Vulnerabilities in Smart Contracts by Combining GPT with Program Analysis | ICSE | 2023.12.25 | Paper Link
VulLibGen: Identifying Vulnerable Third-Party Libraries via Generative Pre-Trained Model | arXiv | 2023.08.09 | Paper Link
LLM4Vuln: A Unified Evaluation Framework for Decoupling and Enhancing LLMs' Vulnerability Reasoning | arXiv | 2024.01.29 | Paper Link
Large Language Models for Test-Free Fault Localization | ICSE | 2023.10.03 | Paper Link
Multi-role Consensus through LLMs Discussions for Vulnerability Detection | arXiv | 2024.03.21 | Paper Link
How ChatGPT is Solving Vulnerability Management Problem | arXiv | 2023.11.11 | Paper Link
DiverseVul: A New Vulnerable Source Code Dataset for Deep Learning Based Vulnerability Detection | International Symposium on Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses | 2023.08.09 | Paper Link
The FormAI Dataset: Generative AI in Software Security through the Lens of Formal Verification | International Conference on Predictive Models and Data Analytics in Software Engineering | 2023.09.02 | Paper Link
How Far Have We Gone in Vulnerability Detection Using Large Language Models | arXiv | 2023.12.22 | Paper Link
Large Language Model for Vulnerability Detection and Repair: Literature Review and Roadmap | arXiv | 2024.04.04 | Paper Link
DLAP: A Deep Learning Augmented Large Language Model Prompting Framework for Software Vulnerability Detection | Journal of Systems and Software | 2024.05.02 | Paper Link
Harnessing Large Language Models for Software Vulnerability Detection: A Comprehensive Benchmarking Study | arXiv | 2024.05.24 | Paper Link
LLM-Assisted Static Analysis for Detecting Security Vulnerabilities | arXiv | 2024.05.27 | Paper Link
Generalization-Enhanced Code Vulnerability Detection via Multi-Task Instruction Fine-Tuning | ACL Findings | 2024.06.06 | Paper Link
Vul-RAG: Enhancing LLM-based Vulnerability Detection via Knowledge-level RAG | arXiv | 2024.06.19 | Paper Link
MALSIGHT: Exploring Malicious Source Code and Benign Pseudocode for Iterative Binary Malware Summarization | arXiv | 2024.06.26 | Paper Link
Assessing the Effectiveness of LLMs in Android Application Vulnerability Analysis | arXiv | 2024.06.27 | Paper Link
Detect Llama -- Finding Vulnerabilities in Smart Contracts using Large Language Models | Information Security and Privacy | 2024.07.12 | Paper Link
Static Detection of Filesystem Vulnerabilities in Android Systems | arXiv | 2024.07.16 | Paper Link
SCoPE: Evaluating LLMs for Software Vulnerability Detection | arXiv | 2024.07.19 | Paper Link
Comparison of Static Application Security Testing Tools and Large Language Models for Repo-level Vulnerability Detection | arXiv | 2024.07.23 | Paper Link
Towards Effectively Detecting and Explaining Vulnerabilities Using Large Language Models | arXiv | 2024.08.08 | Paper Link
Harnessing the Power of LLMs in Source Code Vulnerability Detection | arXiv | 2024.08.07 | Paper Link
Exploring RAG-based Vulnerability Augmentation with LLMs | arXiv | 2024.08.08 | Paper Link
LLM-Enhanced Static Analysis for Precise Identification of Vulnerable OSS Versions | arXiv | 2024.08.14 | Paper Link
ANVIL: Anomaly-based Vulnerability Identification without Labelled Training Data | arXiv | 2024.08.28 | Paper Link
Outside the Comfort Zone: Analysing LLM Capabilities in Software Vulnerability Detection | European symposium on research in computer security | 2024.08.29 | Paper Link

Insecure code Generation

Lost at C: A User Study on the Security Implications of Large Language Model Code Assistants | USENIX | 2023.02.27 | Paper Link
Bugs in Large Language Models Generated Code | arXiv | 2024.03.18 | Paper Link
Asleep at the Keyboard? Assessing the Security of GitHub Copilot’s Code Contributions | S&P | 2021.12.16 | Paper Link
The Effectiveness of Large Language Models (ChatGPT and CodeBERT) for Security-Oriented Code Analysis | arXiv | 2023.08.29 | Paper Link
No Need to Lift a Finger Anymore? Assessing the Quality of Code Generation by ChatGPT | IEEE Trans. Software Eng. | 2023.08.09 | Paper Link
Generate and Pray: Using SALLMS to Evaluate the Security of LLM Generated Code | arXiv | 2023.11.01 | Paper Link
Is your code generated by chatgpt really correct? rigorous evaluation of large language models for code generation | NeurIPS | 2023.10.30 | Paper Link
Can Large Language Models Identify And Reason About Security Vulnerabilities? Not Yet | arXiv | 2023.12.19 | Paper Link
A Comparative Study of Code Generation using ChatGPT 3.5 across 10 Programming Languages | arXiv | 2023.08.08 | Paper Link
How Secure is Code Generated by ChatGPT? | SMC | 2023.04.19 | Paper Link
Large Language Models for Code: Security Hardening and Adversarial Testing | ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security | 2023.09.29 | Paper Link
Pop Quiz! Can a Large Language Model Help With Reverse Engineering? | arXiv | 2022.02.02 | Paper Link
LLM4Decompile: Decompiling Binary Code with Large Language Models | EMNLP | 2024.03.08 | Paper Link
Large Language Models for Code Analysis: Do LLMs Really Do Their Job? | USENIX | 2024.03.05 | Paper Link
Understanding Programs by Exploiting (Fuzzing) Test Cases | ACL Findings | 2023.01.12 | Paper Link
Evaluating and Explaining Large Language Models for Code Using Syntactic Structures | arXiv | 2023.08.07 | Paper Link
Prompt Engineering-assisted Malware Dynamic Analysis Using GPT-4 | arXiv | 2023.12.13 | Paper Link
Using ChatGPT to Analyze Ransomware Messages and to Predict Ransomware Threats | Research Square | 2023.11.21 | Paper Link
Shifting the Lens: Detecting Malware in npm Ecosystem with Large Language Models | arXiv | 2024.03.18 | Paper Link
DebugBench: Evaluating Debugging Capability of Large Language Models | ACL Findings | 2024.01.11 | Paper Link
Make LLM a Testing Expert: Bringing Human-like Interaction to Mobile GUI Testing via Functionality-aware Decisions | ICSE | 2023.10.24 | Paper Link
FLAG: Finding Line Anomalies (in code) with Generative AI | arXiv | 2023.07.22 | Paper Link
Evolutionary Large Language Models for Hardware Security: A Comparative Survey | arXiv | 2024.04.25 | Paper Link
Do Neutral Prompts Produce Insecure Code? FormAI-v2 Dataset: Labelling Vulnerabilities in Code Generated by Large Language Models | arXiv | 2024.04.29 | Paper Link
LLM Security Guard for Code | International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering | 2024.05.03 | Paper Link
Code Repair with LLMs gives an Exploration-Exploitation Tradeoff | arXiv | 2024.05.30 | Paper Link
DistiLRR: Transferring Code Repair for Low-Resource Programming Languages | arXiv | 2024.06.20 | Paper Link
Is Your AI-Generated Code Really Safe? Evaluating Large Language Models on Secure Code Generation with CodeSecEval | arXiv | 2024.07.04 | Paper Link
An Exploratory Study on Fine-Tuning Large Language Models for Secure Code Generation | arXiv | 2024.08.17 | Paper Link

Program Repair

Automatic Program Repair with OpenAI's Codex: Evaluating QuixBugs | arXiv | 2023.11.06 | Paper Link
An Analysis of the Automatic Bug Fixing Performance of ChatGPT | APR@ICSE | 2023.01.20 | Paper Link
AI-powered patching: the future of automated vulnerability fixes | google | 2024.01.31 | Paper Link
Practical Program Repair in the Era of Large Pre-trained Language Models | arXiv | 2022.10.25 | Paper Link
Security Code Review by LLMs: A Deep Dive into Responses | arXiv | 2024.01.29 | Paper Link
Examining Zero-Shot Vulnerability Repair with Large Language Models | SP | 2022.08.15 | Paper Link
How Effective Are Neural Networks for Fixing Security Vulnerabilities | ISSTA | 2023.05.29 | Paper Link
Can LLMs Patch Security Issues? | arXiv | 2024.02.19 | Paper Link
InferFix: End-to-End Program Repair with LLMs | ESEC/FSE | 2023.03.13 | Paper Link
ZeroLeak: Using LLMs for Scalable and Cost Effective Side-Channel Patching | arXiv | 2023.08.24 | Paper Link
DIVAS: An LLM-based End-to-End Framework for SoC Security Analysis and Policy-based Protection | arXiv | 2023.08.14 | Paper Link
Fixing Hardware Security Bugs with Large Language Models | arXiv | 2023.02.02 | Paper Link
A Study of Vulnerability Repair in JavaScript Programs with Large Language Models | WWW | 2023.03.19 | Paper Link
Enhanced Automated Code Vulnerability Repair using Large Language Models | Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. | 2024.01.08 | Paper Link
Teaching Large Language Models to Self-Debug | ICLR | 2023.10.05 | Paper Link
Better Patching Using LLM Prompting, via Self-Consistency | ASE | 2023.08.16 | Paper Link
Copiloting the Copilots: Fusing Large Language Models with Completion Engines for Automated Program Repair | ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering | 2023.11.08 | Paper Link
LLM-Powered Code Vulnerability Repair with Reinforcement Learning and Semantic Reward | arXiv | 2024.02.22 | Paper Link
ContrastRepair: Enhancing Conversation-Based Automated Program Repair via Contrastive Test Case Pairs | arXiv | 2024.03.07 | Paper Link
When Large Language Models Confront Repository-Level Automatic Program Repair: How Well They Done? | ICSE | 2023.03.01 | Paper Link
Aligning LLMs for FL-free Program Repair | arXiv | 2024.04.13 | Paper Link
Multi-Objective Fine-Tuning for Enhanced Program Repair with LLMs | arXiv | 2024.04.22 | Paper Link
How Far Can We Go with Practical Function-Level Program Repair? | arXiv | 2024.04.19 | Paper Link
Revisiting Unnaturalness for Automated Program Repair in the Era of Large Language Models | arXiv | 2024.03.23 | Paper Link
A Systematic Literature Review on Large Language Models for Automated Program Repair | arXiv | 2024.05.12 | Paper Link
Automated Repair of AI Code with Large Language Models and Formal Verification | arXiv | 2024.05.14 | Paper Link
A Case Study of LLM for Automated Vulnerability Repair: Assessing Impact of Reasoning and Patch Validation Feedback | Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Conference on AI-Powered Software | 2024.05.24 | Paper Link
Hybrid Automated Program Repair by Combining Large Language Models and Program Analysis | arXiv | 2024.06.04 | Paper Link
Automated C/C++ Program Repair for High-Level Synthesis via Large Language Models | ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Machine Learning for CAD | 2024.07.04 | Paper Link
ThinkRepair: Self-Directed Automated Program Repair | ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis | 2024.07.30 | Paper Link
Revisiting Evolutionary Program Repair via Code Language Model | arXiv | 2024.08.20 | Paper Link
RePair: Automated Program Repair with Process-based Feedback | ACL Findings | 2024.08.21 | Paper Link
Enhancing LLM-Based Automated Program Repair with Design Rationales | ASE | 2024.08.22 | Paper Link
Automated Software Vulnerability Patching using Large Language Models | arXiv | 2024.08.24 | Paper Link
MergeRepair: An Exploratory Study on Merging Task-Specific Adapters in Code LLMs for Automated Program Repair | arXiv | 2024.08.26 | Paper Link

Anomaly Detection

Benchmarking Large Language Models for Log Analysis, Security, and Interpretation | J. Netw. Syst. Manag. | 2023.11.24 | Paper Link
Log-based Anomaly Detection based on EVT Theory with feedback | arXiv | 2023.09.30 | Paper Link
LogGPT: Exploring ChatGPT for Log-Based Anomaly Detection | HPCC/DSS/SmartCity/DependSys | 2023.09.14 | Paper Link
LogGPT: Log Anomaly Detection via GPT | BigData | 2023.12.11 | Paper Link
Interpretable Online Log Analysis Using Large Language Models with Prompt Strategies | ICPC | 2024.01.26 | Paper Link
Lemur: Log Parsing with Entropy Sampling and Chain-of-Thought Merging | arXiv | 2024.03.02 | Paper Link
Web Content Filtering through knowledge distillation of Large Language Models | WI-IAT | 2023.05.10 | Paper Link
Application of Large Language Models to DDoS Attack Detection | International Conference on Security and Privacy in Cyber-Physical Systems and Smart Vehicles | 2024.02.05 | Paper Link
An Improved Transformer-based Model for Detecting Phishing, Spam, and Ham: A Large Language Model Approach | arXiv | 2023.11.12 | Paper Link
Evaluating the Performance of ChatGPT for Spam Email Detection | arXiv | 2024.02.23 | Paper Link
Prompted Contextual Vectors for Spear-Phishing Detection | arXiv | 2024.02.14 | Paper Link
Devising and Detecting Phishing: Large Language Models vs. Smaller Human Models | arXiv | 2023.11.30 | Paper Link
Explaining Tree Model Decisions in Natural Language for Network Intrusion Detection | arXiv | 2023.10.30 | Paper Link
Revolutionizing Cyber Threat Detection with Large Language Models: A privacy-preserving BERT-based Lightweight Model for IoT/IIoT Devices | IEEE Access | 2024.02.08 | Paper Link
HuntGPT: Integrating Machine Learning-Based Anomaly Detection and Explainable AI with Large Language Models (LLMs) | arXiv | 2023.09.27 | Paper Link
ChatGPT for digital forensic investigation: The good, the bad, and the unknown | Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation | 2023.07.10 | Paper Link
Large Language Models Spot Phishing Emails with Surprising Accuracy: A Comparative Analysis of Performance | arXiv | 2024.04.23 | Paper Link
LLMParser: An Exploratory Study on Using Large Language Models for Log Parsing | ICSE | 2024.04.27 | Paper Link
DoLLM: How Large Language Models Understanding Network Flow Data to Detect Carpet Bombing DDoS | arXiv | 2024.05.12 | Paper Link
Large Language Models in Wireless Application Design: In-Context Learning-enhanced Automatic Network Intrusion Detection | arXiv | 2024.05.17 | Paper Link
Log Parsing with Self-Generated In-Context Learning and Self-Correction | arXiv | 2024.06.05 | Paper Link
Generative AI-in-the-loop: Integrating LLMs and GPTs into the Next Generation Networks | arXiv | 2024.06.06 | Paper Link
ULog: Unsupervised Log Parsing with Large Language Models through Log Contrastive Units | arXiv | 2024.06.11 | Paper Link
Anomaly Detection on Unstable Logs with GPT Models | arXiv | 2024.06.11 | Paper Link
Defending Against Social Engineering Attacks in the Age of LLMs | EMNLP | 2024.06.18 | Paper Link
LogEval: A Comprehensive Benchmark Suite for Large Language Models In Log Analysis | arXiv | 2024.07.02 | Paper Link
Audit-LLM: Multi-Agent Collaboration for Log-based Insider Threat Detection | arXiv | 2024.07.12 | Paper Link
Towards Explainable Network Intrusion Detection using Large Language Models | arXiv | 2024.08.08 | Paper Link
Utilizing Large Language Models to Optimize the Detection and Explainability of Phishing Websites | arXiv | 2024.08.11 | Paper Link
Multimodal Large Language Models for Phishing Webpage Detection and Identification | arXiv | 2024.08.12 | Paper Link
Transformers and Large Language Models for Efficient Intrusion Detection Systems: A Comprehensive Survey | arXiv | 2024.08.14 | Paper Link
Automated Phishing Detection Using URLs and Webpages | arXiv | 2024.08.16 | Paper Link
LogParser-LLM: Advancing Efficient Log Parsing with Large Language Models | arXiv | 2024.08.25 | Paper Link
XG-NID: Dual-Modality Network Intrusion Detection using a Heterogeneous Graph Neural Network and Large Language Model | arXiv | 2024.08.27 | Paper Link

LLM Assisted Attack

Identifying and mitigating the security risks of generative ai | Foundations and Trends in Privacy and Security | 2023.12.29 | Paper Link
Impact of Big Data Analytics and ChatGPT on Cybersecurity | I3CS | 2023.05.22 | Paper Link
From ChatGPT to ThreatGPT: Impact of Generative AI in Cybersecurity and Privacy | IEEE Access | 2023.07.03 | Paper Link
LLMs Killed the Script Kiddie: How Agents Supported by Large Language Models Change the Landscape of Network Threat Testing | arXiv | 2023.10.10 | Paper Link
Malla: Demystifying Real-world Large Language Model Integrated Malicious Services | USENIX | 2024.01.06 | Paper Link
Evaluating LLMs for Privilege-Escalation Scenarios | arXiv | 2023.10.23 | Paper Link
Using Large Language Models for Cybersecurity Capture-The-Flag Challenges and Certification Questions | arXiv | 2023.08.21 | Paper Link
Exploring the Dark Side of AI: Advanced Phishing Attack Design and Deployment Using ChatGPT | CNS | 2023.09.19 | Paper Link
From Chatbots to PhishBots? - Preventing Phishing scams created using ChatGPT, Google Bard and Claude | arXiv | 2024.03.10 | Paper Link
From Text to MITRE Techniques: Exploring the Malicious Use of Large Language Models for Generating Cyber Attack Payloads | arXiv | 2023.05.24 | Paper Link
PentestGPT: An LLM-empowered Automatic Penetration Testing Tool | USENIX | 2023.08.13 | Paper Link
AutoAttacker: A Large Language Model Guided System to Implement Automatic Cyber-attacks | arXiv | 2024.03.02 | Paper Link
RatGPT: Turning online LLMs into Proxies for Malware Attacks | arXiv | 2023.09.07 | Paper Link
Getting pwn’d by AI: Penetration Testing with Large Language Models | ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering | 2023.08.17 | Paper Link
Assessing AI vs Human-Authored Spear Phishing SMS Attacks: An Empirical Study Using the TRAPD Method | arXiv | 2024.06.18 | Paper Link
Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs) in Interpreted Malware: A Zero-Shot Generation with Large Language Models | arXiv | 2024.07.11 | Paper Link
The Shadow of Fraud: The Emerging Danger of AI-powered Social Engineering and its Possible Cure | arXiv | 2024.07.22 | Paper Link
From Sands to Mansions: Enabling Automatic Full-Life-Cycle Cyberattack Construction with LLM | arXiv | 2024.07.24 | Paper Link
PenHeal: A Two-Stage LLM Framework for Automated Pentesting and Optimal Remediation | Proceedings of the Workshop on Autonomous Cybersecurity | 2024.07.25 | Paper Link
Practical Attacks against Black-box Code Completion Engines | arXiv | 2024.08.05 | Paper Link
Using Retriever Augmented Large Language Models for Attack Graph Generation | arXiv | 2024.08.11 | Paper Link
CIPHER: Cybersecurity Intelligent Penetration-testing Helper for Ethical Researcher | Sensors | 2024.08.21 | Paper Link
Is Generative AI the Next Tactical Cyber Weapon For Threat Actors? Unforeseen Implications of AI Generated Cyber Attacks | arXiv | 2024.08.23 | Paper Link

Others

An LLM-based Framework for Fingerprinting Internet-connected Devices | ACM on Internet Measurement Conference | 2023.10.24 | Paper Link
Anatomy of an AI-powered malicious social botnet | arXiv | 2023.07.30 | Paper Link
Just-in-Time Security Patch Detection -- LLM At the Rescue for Data Augmentation | arXiv | 2023.12.12 | Paper Link
LLM for SoC Security: A Paradigm Shift | IEEE Access | 2023.10.09 | Paper Link
Harnessing the Power of LLM to Support Binary Taint Analysis | arXiv | 2023.10.12 | Paper Link
Llama Guard: LLM-based Input-Output Safeguard for Human-AI Conversations | arXiv | 2023.12.07 | Paper Link
LLM in the Shell: Generative Honeypots | EuroS&P Workshop | 2024.02.09 | Paper Link
Employing LLMs for Incident Response Planning and Review | arXiv | 2024.03.02 | Paper Link
Enhancing Network Management Using Code Generated by Large Language Models | Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks | 2023.08.11 | [Paper Link] (https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.06261)
Prompting Is All You Need: Automated Android Bug Replay with Large Language Models | ICSE | 2023.07.18 | Paper Link
Is Stack Overflow Obsolete? An Empirical Study of the Characteristics of ChatGPT Answers to Stack Overflow Questions | CHI | 2024.02.07 | Paper Link
How Far Have We Gone in Stripped Binary Code Understanding Using Large Language Models | arXiv | 2024.04.16 | Paper Link
Act as a Honeytoken Generator! An Investigation into Honeytoken Generation with Large Language Models | arXiv | 2024.04.24 | Paper Link
AppPoet: Large Language Model based Android malware detection via multi-view prompt engineering | arXiv | 2024.04.29 | Paper Link
Large Language Models for Cyber Security: A Systematic Literature Review | arXiv | 2024.05.08 | Paper Link
Critical Infrastructure Protection: Generative AI, Challenges, and Opportunities | arXiv | 2024.05.08 | Paper Link
LLMPot: Automated LLM-based Industrial Protocol and Physical Process Emulation for ICS Honeypots | arXiv | 2024.05.10 | Paper Link
A Comprehensive Overview of Large Language Models (LLMs) for Cyber Defences: Opportunities and Directions | arXiv | 2024.05.23 | Paper Link
Exploring the Efficacy of Large Language Models (GPT-4) in Binary Reverse Engineering | arXiv | 2024.06.09 | Paper Link
Threat Modelling and Risk Analysis for Large Language Model (LLM)-Powered Applications | arXiv | 2024.06.16 | Paper Link
On Large Language Models in National Security Applications | arXiv | 2024.07.03 | Paper Link
Disassembling Obfuscated Executables with LLM | arXiv | 2024.07.12 | Paper Link
MoRSE: Bridging the Gap in Cybersecurity Expertise with Retrieval Augmented Generation | arXiv | 2024.07.22 | Paper Link
MistralBSM: Leveraging Mistral-7B for Vehicular Networks Misbehavior Detection | arXiv | 2024.07.26 | Paper Link
Beyond Detection: Leveraging Large Language Models for Cyber Attack Prediction in IoT Networks | arXiv | 2024.08.26 | Paper Link

RQ3: What are further research directions about the application of LLMs in cybersecurity?

Further Research: Agent4Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity Issues and Challenges | Handbook of research on cybersecurity issues and challenges for business and FinTech applications | 2022.08 | Paper Link
A unified cybersecurity framework for complex environments | Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists | 2018.09.26 | Paper Link
LLMind: Orchestrating AI and IoT with LLM for Complex Task Execution | arXiv | 2024.02.20 | Paper Link
Out of the Cage: How Stochastic Parrots Win in Cyber Security Environments | ICAART | 2023.08.28 | Paper Link
Llm agents can autonomously hack websites. | arXiv | 2024.02.16 | Paper Link
Nissist: An Incident Mitigation Copilot based on Troubleshooting Guides | ECAI | 2024.02.27 | Paper Link
TPTU: Large Language Model-based AI Agents for Task Planning and Tool Usage | arXiv | 2023.11.07 | Paper Link
The Rise and Potential of Large Language Model Based Agents: A Survey | arXiv | 2023.09.19 | Paper Link
ToolLLM: Facilitating Large Language Models to Master 16000+ Real-world APIs | ICLR | 2023.10.03 | Paper Link
From Summary to Action: Enhancing Large Language Models for Complex Tasks with Open World APIs | arXiv | 2024.02.28 | Paper Link
If llm is the wizard, then code is the wand: A survey on how code empowers large language models to serve as intelligent agents. | arXiv | 2024.01.08 | Paper Link
TaskWeaver: A Code-First Agent Framework | arXiv | 2023.12.01 | Paper Link
Large Language Models for Networking: Applications, Enabling Techniques, and Challenges | arXiv | 2023.11.29 | Paper Link
R-Judge: Benchmarking Safety Risk Awareness for LLM Agents | EMNLP Findings | 2024.02.18 | Paper Link
WIPI: A New Web Threat for LLM-Driven Web Agents | arXiv | 2024.02.26 | Paper Link
InjecAgent: Benchmarking Indirect Prompt Injections in Tool-Integrated Large Language Model Agents | ACL Findings | 2024.03.25 | Paper Link
LLM Agents can Autonomously Exploit One-day Vulnerabilities | arXiv | 2024.04.17 | Paper Link
Large Language Models for Networking: Workflow, Advances and Challenges | arXiv | 2024.04.29 | Paper Link
Generative AI in Cybersecurity | arXiv | 2024.05.02 | Paper Link
Generative AI and Large Language Models for Cyber Security: All Insights You Need | arXiv | 2024.05.21 | Paper Link
Teams of LLM Agents can Exploit Zero-Day Vulnerabilities | arXiv | 2024.06.02 | Paper Link
Using LLMs to Automate Threat Intelligence Analysis Workflows in Security Operation Centers | arXiv | 2024.07.18 | Paper Link
PhishAgent: A Robust Multimodal Agent for Phishing Webpage Detection | arXiv | 2024.08.20 | Paper Link

📖BibTeX

@misc{zhang2024llms,
      title={When LLMs Meet Cybersecurity: A Systematic Literature Review}, 
      author={Jie Zhang and Haoyu Bu and Hui Wen and Yu Chen and Lun Li and Hongsong Zhu},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2405.03644},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CR}
}

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