NewWord

NewWord is an AI-powered language learning tool designed to help users memorize and expand their vocabulary efficiently. It offers innovative features such as personalized word management solutions, AI-powered insights, and a unique traceability system. The application aims to make language learning more convenient and enjoyable by providing diversified review strategies and daily reminders. NewWord is suitable for individuals looking to enhance their linguistic skills through practical exercises and scenario-based learning modules.

LEXICON is an AI-powered platform designed to enhance English learning through a combination of expert teachers and artificial intelligence. The platform offers personalized lesson programs developed by teachers to accelerate English speaking skills. By integrating AI technologies into language teaching methods, LEXICON provides a faster and more efficient learning experience. Users can benefit from specialized AI-supported exercises and receive detailed feedback on errors made during lessons. With over 10 years of experience in the software industry, LEXICON is committed to providing learners with tools tailored for language acquisition.

Speakpal is an AI-powered language learning platform that leverages cutting-edge technology to help users improve their language skills. The platform offers interactive lessons, personalized feedback, and real-time practice sessions to enhance speaking, listening, reading, and writing abilities. With a user-friendly interface and adaptive learning algorithms, Speakpal caters to learners of all levels, from beginners to advanced speakers. Whether you're looking to learn a new language for travel, work, or personal enrichment, Speakpal provides a comprehensive and engaging learning experience.

Speakable is an AI-powered speaking practice tool designed for students to enhance their language skills through AI-assisted activities. It provides instant feedback on speaking and writing exercises, making practice more engaging and efficient. The platform offers a variety of language tasks at different proficiency levels, helping students improve their oral proficiency and writing skills. Speakable is loved by teachers for its ability to empower educators to deliver targeted support and track student progress effectively.

LanguaTalk is a language learning platform that offers personalized coaching from 5-star tutors and world-class AI software to help users achieve fluency in various languages. The platform provides tailored language tutoring, practice sessions with advanced AI, and a combination of both for accelerated learning. LanguaTalk leverages AI technology to offer features such as personalized coaching, practice conversations, role plays, instant corrections, interactive transcripts, vocabulary learning through flashcards, and more. The platform has both free and paid plans, with a focus on providing effective and affordable language learning solutions.

Lucida AI is an AI-driven coaching tool designed to enhance employees' English language skills through personalized insights and feedback based on real-life call interactions. The tool offers comprehensive coaching in pronunciation, fluency, grammar, vocabulary, and tracking of language proficiency. It provides advanced speech analysis using proprietary LLM and NLP technologies, ensuring accurate assessments and detailed tracking. With end-to-end encryption for data privacy, Lucy AI is a cost-effective solution for organizations seeking to improve communication skills and streamline language assessment processes.

Lingostar AI is an advanced language learning application that uses AI technology to provide immersive conversation experiences for users to practice and improve their language skills in English, Spanish, and French. The application offers features such as natural conversation practice, advanced pronunciation analysis, intelligent vocabulary building, personalized learning paths, role-playing scenarios, grammar correction, and tips. Lingostar AI aims to make language learning accessible, engaging, and effective for learners worldwide through personalized, AI-powered conversation practice.

FluentPal is a language learning application that leverages AI technology to provide users with an immersive foreign language learning experience. The app offers a range of features such as role-playing scenarios, conversations with AI celebrities, custom conversation creation, suggested responses, translation support, error correction, and adjustable AI conversation levels. FluentPal aims to simulate a foreign language environment to enhance communication skills and pronunciation accuracy, making language learning accessible, cost-effective, and beginner-friendly.

Wordjotter is an AI-powered Anki flashcards application that utilizes artificial intelligence to enhance the learning experience. It helps users create and study flashcards efficiently by leveraging AI algorithms to optimize content and improve retention. With Wordjotter, users can easily create personalized flashcards, receive intelligent recommendations, track their progress, and collaborate with others in a seamless manner. The application aims to revolutionize the traditional flashcard learning method by incorporating AI technology to make learning more effective and engaging.

Porosheets is an AI tool designed to enhance the learning experience in education. It provides features such as worksheet generation, rubric generation, lesson plan generation, live customer support, and multilingual support. Porosheets aims to support teachers in creating resources, help parents stay updated on their children's academics, and enable students to test themselves effectively. With a user-friendly interface and AI-powered functionalities, Porosheets simplifies educational tasks and promotes a more efficient and engaging learning environment.

Befluent.ai is an advanced interactive AI English tutor designed to help users achieve fluency in Business English. The AI tutor, Nora, provides personalized conversations, grammar feedback, and recommended exercises based on user interactions. Users can track their fluency improvements and benefit from structured reports. Befluent.ai aims to teach Business English to millions in the MENA region by 2030 using AI technology to simulate natural conversation flow and provide detailed feedback without human intervention.

LingoLeap is an AI-powered tool and platform designed for TOEFL and IELTS preparation. It leverages artificial intelligence to provide personalized feedback and guidance tailored to individual learning needs. With features such as instant feedback, practice tests, high-score answer generation, and vocabulary boost, LingoLeap aims to help users improve their English skills efficiently. The tool offers subscription plans with varying credits for speaking and writing evaluations, along with a free trial option. LingoLeap's innovative approach enhances language learning by analyzing users' language expression, grammar accuracy, and vocabulary application, similar to the official TOEFL test standards.

Fluently is an AI-powered speaking coach designed to help users improve their English speaking skills. It provides personalized feedback after each online call, helping users master pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. The application supports various meeting platforms and ensures user privacy through transit encryption and local storage. With Fluently, users can boost their confidence in English communication and track their progress over time.

Fast Learner is an AI-enabled learning platform that is revolutionizing the field of education. It leverages artificial intelligence to provide personalized learning experiences for students of all ages. By utilizing advanced algorithms and machine learning techniques, Fast Learner adapts to the individual needs and learning styles of each user, offering tailored content and feedback to enhance their educational journey. With a focus on efficiency and effectiveness, this platform aims to make learning more engaging, interactive, and accessible to a wide range of learners.

SmallTalk2Me is an AI-powered simulator designed to help users improve their spoken English. It offers a range of features, including mock job interviews, IELTS speaking test simulations, and daily stories and courses. The platform uses AI to provide users with instant feedback on their performance, helping them to identify areas for improvement and track their progress over time.

StudyPro is a premier online learning platform designed for students to enhance their academic performance. It offers a wide range of services, including grammar checking, paraphrasing, homework planning, and AI writing tools. StudyPro leverages advanced AI technologies to provide personalized learning experiences and support students in achieving their educational goals. The platform aims to simplify the learning process by offering innovative features and top-notch support to help students succeed in their academic journey.

MiniMax AI is an advanced AI tool offering AGI-powered foundation models for voice, text, image, and video research. It provides a range of AI-native applications such as Chat, Agent, Video, Audio Talkie, and more. MiniMax AI empowers users with cutting-edge technology to enhance communication, creativity, and productivity.

Interflexion is an AI-powered role-play application designed to help professionals enhance their leadership and interpersonal skills through guided practice and personalized feedback. The platform offers personalized coaching with AI superpowers, microlearning scenarios tailored to immediate needs, a professional curriculum with simple content creation, and interactive role-playing scenarios through voice, video, and text. Users can benefit from actionable feedback, measurable progress tracking, and memorable moments to enhance skill development and self-awareness.

Shoot Your Shot – AI Wingman is an AI application designed to assist users in online dating by providing personalized advice and recommendations. The tool analyzes user interactions and conversations to offer suggestions on how to improve communication and increase the chances of a successful match. With a focus on enhancing user experience and fostering meaningful connections, Shoot Your Shot aims to revolutionize the way people navigate the world of online dating.

UniJump is a seamless browser extension that enhances your daily usage of ChatGPT from any website you are browsing without the need of leaving that website. It improves your writing, helps you get answers to your questions, and inspires you to experiment with different communication styles. The extension is free to use and open source, ensuring transparency and security for users.

ThinkDiffusion is a cloud-based platform that offers stable diffusion services. It provides businesses and educational institutions with a reliable solution for managing and sharing information. With ThinkDiffusion, users can easily create, store, and distribute content in a secure and efficient manner. The platform is designed to streamline collaboration and enhance productivity by facilitating seamless communication and data sharing.

MailWizard is an AI email assistant designed to help users write better emails and save time. It leverages artificial intelligence to craft clear and effective emails in seconds, tailored to the specific audience. With features like click-to-write magic, smart editor, recipient-specific profiles, multilingual support, and seamless integration with Gmail, MailWizard revolutionizes the email writing process. It saves users time, ensures professional communication, and offers a smarter email experience across devices.

Better Speech Online Speech Therapy is an AI-driven platform that offers convenient, affordable, and effective speech therapy services for children and adults. The platform utilizes cutting-edge artificial intelligence to provide personalized practices and make speech therapy more engaging, convenient, and affordable. With a team of 250+ licensed and experienced therapists, Better Speech aims to help individuals of all ages improve their communication skills from the comfort of their homes. The platform offers unlimited speech practices between sessions, immediate availability, easy scheduling, and effective results comparable to in-person therapy.

Huudle is an AI account management copilot designed to enhance client alignment, progress tracking, and communication for creative teams. It participates in client meetings, reviews project documents, and engages in message threads related to the account's project. Using this data, Huudle assists account managers with key insights, tasks, project reporting, and follow-ups. By handling daily operations, Huudle allows account managers to focus more on their clients.

Shadow is a Bot-Free AI Autopilot tool designed to assist users with post-meeting tasks. It listens to and understands conversations without a bot, helping users complete follow-up tasks 20x faster. Shadow generates transcripts, performs tasks discussed during meetings, and handles follow-up emails and CRM updates. The tool prioritizes privacy by storing recordings locally and offers features like extracting action items, key insights, follow-up emails, and performance feedback. Shadow is constantly learning new skills and aims to streamline meeting workflows for users.

Capitol AI is an AI tool designed to help users create persuasive content from data. It is currently in beta phase, where AI-generated content may be incorrect or misleading. The platform offers users the ability to leverage AI technology to generate compelling content based on data inputs. Capitol AI aims to streamline the content creation process and provide users with valuable insights to enhance their communication strategies.

Prompta is an open-source ChatGPT client that provides a user-friendly interface for interacting with ChatGPT and GPT-4. Users can search all their chats, even offline, with a keyboard-focused and snappy interface. The application allows users to bring their own API key, sync across devices, and store all chats locally for easy access. Prompta is designed to enhance the chat experience and streamline communication tasks.

Visoid is an AI-powered architectural visualization tool that allows architects and industry professionals to create stunning visualizations in minutes. It offers a simple web-based application for fast rendering, enabling users to iterate on images, explore variations, and communicate concepts effectively. With Visoid, users can transform ideas into powerful renderings, elevate early concept phase communication, and visualize projects in different lighting or seasons. The tool is designed to save time, improve communication, and provide different license options to match users' needs.

ChatMasters is an AI-powered bot-assistant application designed to enhance user experience and streamline communication processes. It leverages artificial intelligence technology to provide automated responses and support in various tasks. With ChatMasters, users can easily interact with a virtual assistant to get information, resolve queries, and perform actions efficiently. The application aims to improve customer service, increase productivity, and offer a seamless chat experience for users.

Eluna.ai is a comprehensive AI-powered platform that provides a suite of tools to enhance creativity and productivity. It offers a range of capabilities, including text-to-image generation, image editing, video editing, and text-to-speech synthesis. With Eluna.ai, users can create stunning visuals, edit videos, generate unique content, and enhance their communication. The platform is designed to be user-friendly and accessible to individuals of all skill levels, making it an ideal tool for artists, designers, marketers, and anyone looking to leverage AI for their creative endeavors.

AI Face Sticker Generator is an online tool that allows you to convert your face images into stickers. With advanced AI technology, it automatically detects your facial features and creates high-quality stickers that you can use in various applications, such as social media, messaging apps, and video calls.

Humantic AI is a Buyer Intelligence platform powered by Personality AI, designed to help revenue teams identify early adopters, personalize outreach, and provide vital customer insights for every deal. It offers features such as Automated Enrichment, Personality AI Assistant, 1-Click Personalization, DISC Selling, and Chrome Extension. The platform enables users to leverage personality insights to build rapport, avoid communication challenges, and close more deals effectively.

SYSTRAN is a professional translation tool that enables multilingual communication and collaboration, providing fast, accurate, and enhanced machine translations for various industries. It offers solutions for global customer service and support, forensics and eDiscovery, content localization, education and eLearning, and big data analysis for government. The tool also includes features like machine translation server, private cloud solutions, model training, and API integration, ensuring efficient and secure online translation. With over 50 years of expertise, SYSTRAN leverages AI technology to deliver precise translations tailored to meet diverse business needs.

DMAIL.AI (Dmail Network) is an AI-powered platform revolutionizing Web3 communications and workflows. It offers a comprehensive suite of services, including Web3 email integration, blockchain adoption, and innovative projects support. The platform collaborates with influencers and AI technologies to enhance connectivity, awareness, and engagement in the digital space. Dmail Network aims to lead innovation in blockchain communication and social finance through strategic partnerships and community initiatives.

Relationship 2.0 is an AI-powered system designed to help individuals navigate through breakups, personal development, and rebuilding healthy relationships. By leveraging advanced AI technology, the platform offers personalized guidance, tailored plans, and expert advice to assist users in overcoming emotional challenges, understanding relationship dynamics, and fostering positive growth. Relationship 2.0 aims to provide a comprehensive solution for individuals seeking to improve themselves and reconnect with their ex-partners in a healthy and sustainable manner.

NewWord is an AI-powered language learning tool designed to help users memorize and expand their vocabulary efficiently. It offers innovative features such as personalized word management solutions, AI-powered insights, and a unique traceability system. The application aims to make language learning more convenient and enjoyable by providing diversified review strategies and daily reminders. NewWord is suitable for individuals looking to enhance their linguistic skills through practical exercises and scenario-based learning modules.

Twain is an AI communication assistant designed to help users craft attention-grabbing sales messages effortlessly. It offers features like generating custom outbound messages, real-time suggestions for message improvement, and seamless operation across various outbound channels. Twain aims to enhance user engagement with context-driven, goal-oriented messages while maintaining a unique tone. The application is suitable for sales professionals, recruiters, and individuals looking to improve their communication skills.

Rebellions is an AI technology company specializing in AI chips and systems-on-chip for various applications. They focus on energy-efficient solutions and have secured significant investments to drive innovation in the field of Generative AI. Rebellions aims to reshape the future by providing versatile and efficient AI computing solutions.

LocalhostAI is an AI tool designed to assist users within the Chrome browser environment. It serves as a virtual assistant, providing support and guidance for various tasks. The tool integrates with Gemini Nano Chat to enhance communication capabilities and streamline interactions. Users can leverage the AI model to receive personalized recommendations, reminders, and information, ultimately improving productivity and efficiency in their daily activities.

QueryPal is an AI chatbot application designed to provide better and faster answers for teams by leveraging AI technology trained on company documents. It helps in resolving repetitive questions instantly, ensuring accurate and contextualized results. The application allows users to create personalized AI chatbots for each team in minutes, with customization options for document access, chatbot admins, and tone. QueryPal offers unlimited connections to various platforms like Slack, Microsoft Teams, Google Drive, and more, making it a versatile tool for team communication and knowledge management.

6figr.com is an AI-driven platform that provides real-time, verified data on salaries across different levels, roles, companies, skills, experience, and locations. Users can benchmark their compensation, understand their market worth, and make informed career decisions. The platform offers AI-driven insights to guide users through negotiating better job offers and planning their career paths. Additionally, 6figr.com allows users to compare their salaries with millions of real salary profiles, auto apply to jobs using AI, get brutally honest career feedback, and track the latest layoffs worldwide.

Navan is the #1 Corporate Travel Management Platform offering business travel solutions and expense management services. It provides advanced analytics, rewards programs, and sustainability initiatives for both business and personal travel. With features like Navan Travel, Navan Expense, and Navan Payments, it aims to streamline and optimize corporate travel and expense processes. Navan caters to various industries and company sizes, offering a comprehensive platform for managing travel programs and expenses efficiently.

Fastbreak is an AI Assistant application designed to help users win Request for Proposals (RFPs) and Request for Information (RFIs) by providing cognitive proposal management for high-stakes enterprise deals. The tool accelerates completion time by 10x, optimizes access to relevant information, streamlines leveraging domain expertise, and allows users to relax by saving time and winning more business. Fastbreak enables users to answer business questionnaires in minutes, offers one-step onboarding, flexible answers, powerful export capabilities, and contextual smarts to synthesize answers based on previous responses and documents.

Moveworks is an AI-powered employee support platform that automates tasks, provides information, and creates content across various business applications. It offers features such as task automation, ticket automation, enterprise search, data lookups, knowledge management, employee notifications, approval workflows, and internal communication. Moveworks integrates with numerous business applications and is trusted by over 5 million employees at 300+ companies.

Glean.ai is an AI-powered software designed to enhance accounts payable (AP) processes, making them faster, easier, and smarter. It offers a range of features to streamline AP tasks, including automated data extraction, GL coding, bill approvals and payments, accruals, prepaid amortizations, and more. Glean.ai also provides valuable insights into spending patterns, helping businesses identify areas of overspending and uncover opportunities for cost savings. With its user-friendly interface and robust data benchmarking capabilities, Glean.ai empowers accounting and FP&A teams to collaborate seamlessly, plan effectively, and make informed decisions regarding vendor spend.

NewWord is an AI-powered language learning tool designed to help users memorize and expand their vocabulary efficiently. It offers innovative features such as personalized word management solutions, AI-powered insights, and a unique traceability system. The application aims to make language learning more convenient and enjoyable by providing diversified review strategies and daily reminders. NewWord is suitable for individuals looking to enhance their linguistic skills through practical exercises and scenario-based learning modules.

Paro is a professional business finance and accounting solutions platform that matches businesses and accounting firms with skilled finance experts. It offers a wide range of services including accounting, bookkeeping, financial planning, budgeting, business analysis, data visualization, strategic advisory, growth strategy consulting, startup and fundraising consulting, transaction advisory, tax and compliance services, AI consulting services, and more. Paro aims to help businesses optimize faster by providing expert solutions to bridge gaps in finance and accounting operations. The platform also offers staff augmentation services, talent acquisition, and custom solutions to enhance operational efficiency and maximize ROI.

DocuBridge is a financial data automation software product designed to accelerate audit and financial tasks with its AI Excel Add-In, offering 10x faster data entry and structuring for maximum efficiency. It is built for finance and audit professionals to streamline Excel workflows and bridge documents for more efficient data workflows from entry to analysis. The platform also offers versatile integrations, data privacy, and SOC-2 compliance to ensure complete data protection.

Auditoria.AI is a leading provider of agentic AI solutions for Accounts Payable, Receivable, and Procurement processes. The platform offers SmartBots and RPA technology to automate mundane finance tasks, streamline workflows, and provide real-time insights for improved cash flow. Auditoria.AI's AI-driven applications integrate seamlessly into finance teams, transforming operations and enhancing efficiency and accuracy.

HyperStart is an AI-powered Contract Management Software that offers end-to-end contract management solutions. It enables users to create contracts from templates within minutes, automate contracting processes with workflows, close contracts faster with version tracking and AI, execute contracts with legally binding e-signatures, find any contract or data instantly, track renewals with auto reminders, and optimize processes with data-driven analytics. The software provides features like AI-powered contract reviews, real-time collaboration, contract risk analysis visualization, and solutions tailored for various industries such as legal, HR, construction, government, finance, non-profit, procurement, healthcare, telecom, sales, real estate, oil & gas, and more.

Supervity is an AI application that empowers businesses to scale operations, optimize efficiency, and achieve transformative growth with intelligent automation. It offers a range of AI agents for various industries and functions, such as finance, HR, IT, customer service, and more. Supervity's AI agents help streamline processes, automate tasks, and enhance decision-making across different business sectors.

Made with Lovable is a curated directory showcasing apps and websites built with Lovable, an AI tool that helps users build websites with AI. The platform features a collection of projects created by makers, offering a variety of tools and solutions across different categories such as business, communication, finance, health & fitness, marketing, personal life, social media, and more. Lovable.dev, the heart of Lovable, allows users to build web apps like habit trackers, SaaS tools, and interactive dashboards using simple prompts, React, TypeScript, and Supabase. It is known for quickly turning ideas into working applications, making it ideal for beginners and fast prototypes.

Celonis is a Process Intelligence platform that leverages Artificial Intelligence to provide a shared understanding of how businesses operate. It helps in improving processes by giving AI the necessary context and strategic deployment. With over 1,400 companies using Celonis, it enables Enterprise AI and facilitates the development of AI-driven solutions. The platform offers solutions for supply chain, process excellence, finance, shared services, and IT functions, empowering organizations to optimize operations and drive continuous improvement.

Opstream is the #1 Procurement Operations Platform that leverages AI technology to unify vendor data across various systems, driving autonomous workflows and providing full visibility of company spend. The platform synthesizes cross-organizational data, activates autonomous workflows, and streamlines vendor lifecycle management. Opstream offers features such as Product Intake Management, Agentic Analytics, Vendor Management, Budget Intelligence, and Autonomous Workflows. With Opstream, users can reduce risk, fuel performance, and optimize spend by harnessing the power of AI to manage intake, onboarding, renewals, and more.

Lingobo.com is a website that provides practical paths to stronger language learning by exploring evidence-based language learning strategies for diverse classrooms. It compares immersion versus bilingual education and emphasizes the importance of grammar instruction, assessment, and practice in enhancing communicative competence, fluency, and proficiency in ESL/ELL learners. The site offers insights on second-language acquisition, program models, and effective teaching methods to support language growth and proficiency.

Vidby is an AI-powered software offering rapid and accurate video and document translation, subtitling, and dubbing services. It provides a user-friendly platform for businesses and individuals to easily translate and localize their content. With advanced AI technology, Vidby ensures high-quality results with fast turnaround times.

Furwee is an AI-powered educational platform designed to elevate early learning experiences for kids worldwide. It offers a range of features such as visual learning, vocabulary boost, grammar fun, and interactive dialogues to enhance children's learning journey. Furwee aims to make learning fun, engaging, and personalized for each child, helping them build confidence, social skills, and creativity. The platform is available in multiple languages and is tailored for modern parents looking for a dynamic learning companion for their children.

PDF Translator & Editor is a powerful AI-driven tool that offers multilingual document translation with format and layout preservation. It supports translating native PDFs, scanned PDFs, Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and image files to 136 languages. The tool also provides versatile PDF conversion and editing capabilities, allowing users to convert PDFs to images and vice versa, as well as edit PDF text, scan to PDF, and split PDF files. With AI technology from Google and Microsoft, it ensures accurate translations and supports automatic language detection. Trusted by users worldwide, PDF Translator & Editor offers unlimited access with no file size or page limits, making it a convenient solution for global communication.

Hello History is an AI-powered app that allows users to engage in life-like conversations with historical figures. It offers a unique and immersive experience by bringing history to life through interactive dialogues with renowned personalities. The application caters to educators, students, and history enthusiasts, providing a platform to learn, explore, and gain insights from the past using state-of-the-art AI technology.

YOUS is a messenger application with an AI-based translator that facilitates communication between individuals who speak different languages. The app allows users to have meetings, phone calls, and chats with built-in AI translation capabilities. YOUS aims to bridge language barriers and enable seamless communication in 17 languages. The platform prioritizes security and offers both free and paid subscription plans for users to access various features.

WhatLetter is an AI document translation tool designed to help immigrant families and seniors navigate important paperwork without language barriers. Users can snap a photo of any document to get instant insights, chat with an AI chatbot in their preferred language, and translate various types of documents such as personal, business, technical, and more. The tool prioritizes user privacy by not saving images on servers and retaining chat history solely for user reference. WhatLetter aims to simplify document understanding and empower users with a global experience through AI technology.

DeepL is an AI-powered translation tool that offers accurate and efficient translation services across multiple languages. It provides various features such as document translation, AI-powered edits, real-time voice translation, and integration with essential productivity tools. DeepL is widely used for personal, professional, and enterprise translation needs due to its high translation quality and user-friendly interface.

AudioDiary is a super-smart AI voice journal application that effortlessly transforms your fleeting thoughts into lasting insights. It allows users to record their thoughts, transcribes them, analyzes the content, and provides personalized goals and suggestions based on the user's entries. The app is available on iOS, Android, MacOS, and Web App Store, with high ratings and positive reviews from users. AudioDiary offers a unique and interactive way for users to journal using voice input, making it easier and more engaging for individuals to reflect on their day and set goals.

BookTranslator is an online EPUB/PDF book translation tool that empowers effortless reading of global books. It supports translation of books in multiple languages and can accurately translate the entire EPUB/PDF book into the language you want in just one minute. The tool uses the latest AI technology to ensure the best translation quality, providing lightning-fast translations and bilingual content comparison for better understanding. With support for over 74 languages, users can easily translate their books and access their translation history for future reference.